Competitive Strategies in UK Fast Food Industry

Serious Strategies in UK Fast Food Industry In a decade ago much has been talked about the client direction, client esteem the executives (CVM), client relationship the board (CRM), Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) measurements, Customer Centric association models, client maintenance, client care a lot more with another hypothesis included each time with word client going before to it. In any case, to the reality what number of organizations consolidate these ideas, how far theyve been effective, if so for what reason do we despite everything see a significant move in the necessities and needs of the clients is confusing numerous specialists today. What an organization thinks as a market or incentive is frequently misconstrued by client and reacts in totally extraordinary design. What is the explanation behind this? At the point when an organization takes a gander at different items and qualities got from it while client is taking a gander at fulfillment. The essential inquiry is does all the procedure, imaginative item includes, additional items and worth creation lead to extreme consumer loyalty? The entirety of this may appear to be somewhat opposing. For better understanding lets take a case of inexpensive food organization, these Companies are reveal another item every now at that point offering more worth, in their viewpoint. The key point is the reason the client switches over to various inexpensive food organization items or bundles so regularly, if the items are offering esteem. The point to be noted is that more incentives are being turned out without taking a gander at the exceptionally fundamental idea for example regardless of whether the worth proposed offers fulfillment to the clients. On the off chance that it isn't, at that point it isn't at all important. The client is purchasi ng fulfillment. Most noteworthy worth is inferred when the client is completely happy with his buy. This features the significance of significant worth creation for clients named as client esteem. The fundamental reason for this examination is to see how this client esteem shapes the premise in detailing the serious techniques across different businesses. Some regular legends in Value Creation More is frequently viewed as worth Get one get one free plans are turned out. There is obviously a moment deals push. Anyway toward the finish of the plan the client feels that he had from the beginning been paying 100% more for the items and sees that very item as expensive once the plan is pulled back. May change to another item at a similar cost. End: Dissatisfaction prompts esteem disintegration Fantasy # 2 Price is esteem Numerous business considers lower cost as offering more worth. As a rule least value items end up as the second best with a more extravagant item with comparative item properties driving the market. The straightforward explanation is the more significant expense item might be offering a higher fulfillment because of saw esteems and symbolism. Vehicle markets are a prime case of this disorder. Legend # 3 More Features or additional items are esteem Organizations load an item or administration with more highlights along these lines offering a higher worth. While this might be alluring if the highlights are not upheld by sufficient backings the fulfillment might be less and esteem is diminished. We experience this ordinary. A client purchases an item with numerous highlights yet not showed appropriately or may not be overhauled appropriately. Enquiries may not be taken care of viably. Aircrafts offereing additional items like free overnite accomodation are as yet not supported if the administrations, similar to enquiry taking care of, reservations, and time plans are poor. Phones organizations might be offering a lot of additional items like national wandering or free approaching calls and so forth. Nonetheless if the charging is poor and charging enquiries are not tended to appropriately the client is disappointed and leaves the administration for another supplier. 1.1 Aims and Objectives of the venture. In this examination study, the point is to recognize and portray the qualities of unrivaled client esteem how its structure a significant premise in building serious methodologies in UK Fast food industry. Normally these characteristics of unrivaled client esteem are a finished blend of Product quality, administration quality, and value (PQ,SQ,PR). From the perspective on buyers point of view, PQ,SQ,PR is better comprehended as predominant client esteem with the subsequent encounters about the different products or administrations gave by the UK inexpensive food organizations. These estimations of PQ,SQ,PR have been inserted in the brand picture, which can possibly influence the purchasing choice of the client. It is regularly said that shoppers are continually searching for fulfillment as PQ,SQ,PR characteristics and brand picture that drives them in their buy settling on choice. In UK, the greater part of the cheap food organizations have their need over their clients fulfillment i n their associations rules and having their prosperity vision behind the idea of showcasing. There are consistently suggestions that these UK inexpensive food organizations need to attempt to embrace the idea of advertising by means of these PQ,SQ,PR characteristics, to plan effective business methodologies so as to beat their rivals in this capable universe of cheap food industry in UK. 1.2 Research Methodology In this time of serious world, making a gainful incentive in the psyches of the clients is dreary assignment and requires a great deal of data. Among the wide assortment of products and enterprises the clients view of qualities can be very emotional changing with the brand value. Regular information on properties and how these contribute values isn't adequate, rather significant information must be assembled and dissected in order to give enough data to the chiefs to settle on significant promoting choices. This exploration gives the necessary aptitude and information for the directors helping them in taking care of different issues and confronting different difficulties in this serious period of the inexpensive food industry. This information may likewise be utilized in defining new business methodologies. Writing will be gathered from chosen regions of research with the end goal of assessment. The exploration must have the option to assess and explain this writing to give a hypothetical and methodological base for the examination. Data is accumulated from the two separate gatherings of respondent so as to examine the respondents mentality from purchasers and companys viewpoint individually. The PQ,SQ,PR is dissected with regards to coming about understanding and marking from buyers point of view that inexpensive food organizations must structure so as to figure serious techniques in the period of testing scene of cheap food in UK. The destinations of the examination will likewise help the inexpensive food organizations to see better the marking, buyers encounters and inclinations towards their items and administrations. The motivation behind the exploration undertakings will have the accompanying region of interests. a) To figure out what are the significant qualities of predominant client esteems that the cheap food organization must create to meet the clients desire. b) To depict how these client esteems planned by the organizations impact the client purchasing choice with regards to clients coming about understanding and the marking. c) To dissect if the UK cheap food organizations comprehend the significance of building key client esteems through showcasing idea for example comprehend advertising direction approach of building procedures and practice them. The exploration configuration will be deliberately arranged and organized for simple comprehension, care will be taken to guarantee the exactness of the discoveries since, the fundamental reason for existing is to give data with respect to explicit speculation. Initially, research will gather different information about the client desires, feelings and mentalities. Careful steps will be taken on the all the frail focuses in the strategy for approach. In the initial step of investigation, a nitty gritty synopsis of the different qualities of the respondent will be watched and dissected cautiously. Afterward, this measurable information will be utilized for the thinking of the proposed theory utilizing the proof discovered example of populace examined. This is for the most part to guarantee the exactness of the proposed theory. In particular, the motivation behind this examination isn't ensure the achievement of Strategies defined by UK cheap food organizations utilizing the accumulated information, yet just to diminish the vulnerability in dynamic procedure and increment the likelihood of accomplishment. Anyway this examination will be conveyed in a sorted out systematic way to accomplish the above conviction. For this KFC is a chosen association considered for this examination. The discoveries of this exploration will at that point lead to a superior comprehension of unrivaled buyer esteem that go about as a base in defining serious systems in UK inexpensive food industry 1.3 UK inexpensive food Industry A concise Outlook There are assortments of components in the UKs retail providing food industry yet cheap food is maybe the most conspicuous, generally powerful and the most quickly developing industry. Despite the fact that there are number of varieties in the particular strategies embraced by different cheap food administrators various general characterizing qualities can be recognized in like manner like drive-through help, dinner bargain bundles, and so on. Drive-through eateries offer a basic and genuinely limited menu inside a painstakingly controlled working framework. Typically burgers, singed chicken, fries serve the principle course. Normally desserts and the beverages like milk shakes, bubbly beverages and tea and espresso are additionally remembered for the menu. Clients line up to be served at a counter, the point being to serve an enormous number of individuals with the base of holding up time and most administrators hope to serve clients inside three minutes of their entrance onto the p remises. The food is sold in dispensable bundling without cutlery. A few administrators offer offices for clients to expend their food on the premises while others will in general cook more for the remove exchange. The cheap food upheaval basically started in the US during the 1950s and this style of providing food developed enormously and spread to rest of the world in the decades from that point forward. US

Compare and Contrast of Methodologies-Free-Samples for Students

Never Quits

Never Quits Abraham Lincoln never quits.Born into poverty, Lincoln was faced with defeat throughout his life. He lost eight elections, twice failed in business and suffered a nervous breakdown.He could have quit many times but he didnt and because he didnt quit, he became one of the greatest presidents in the United States history. Here is a sketch of Lincolns road to the White House:1816 His family was forced out of their home. He had to work to support them.1818 His mother died.1831 Failed in business.1832 Ran for state legislature lost.1832 Also lost his job wanted to go to law school but couldnt get in.1833 Borrowed some money from a friend to begin a business and by the end of the year he was bankrupt. He spent the next 17 years of his life paying off this debt.1834 Ran for state legislature again won.1835 Was engaged to be married, sweetheart died and his heart was broken.1836 Had a total nervous breakdown and was in bed for six months.1838 Sought to become speaker of the state legisl ature defeated.1840 Sought to become elector defeated.1843 Ran for Congress lost.1846 Ran for Congress again this time he won went to Washington and did a good job.1848 Ran for re-election to Congress lost.1849 Sought the job of land officer in his home state rejected.1854 Ran for Senate of the United States lost.1856 Sought the Vice-Presidential nomination at his partys national convention get less than 100 votes.1858 Ran for U.S. Senate again again he lost.1860 Elected president of the United States.

The Mystery of Jazz and its Powerful Impact on the Community

The mystery of Jazz and its powerful impact on the music community can be explained largely by the context of it’s creation. Jazz was born in the United States, and because of this, many have referred to Jazz as â€Å"America’s music.† Like America, Jazz has a balance between structure and spontaneity. It capitalizes on the fluidity of the musicians, having several different instruments with independent spirits, coming together as one to form a great piece of music. Unlike other styles of music, Jazz has a certain way about it that makes it stand-alone in the world of genres. It improvises, moves, and transforms itself in a moment’s notice based on the musician’s intuition. Just as America harbors democracy, so too does a jazz ensemble, showing both the responsibility to a larger group, yet still allowing room for individual freedom. It all comes down to how well others can respect the overall framework and structure of the jingle. 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Social Class and Power in the Novel “Great Expectations”

Social class played a major role in the society depicted in Charles Dickens s novel â€Å"Great Expectations†. Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in the story. Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered. During the nineteenth century, British society was dominated and ruled by a tightly woven system of class distinctions. Social relations and acceptance were based upon position. Charles Dickens utilizes â€Å"Great Expectations† as a commentary on the system of class and each person s place within it. In the character of Pip, Dickens demonstrates the working class obsession to overthrow their limitations and re-invent†¦show more content†¦Realizing this will play a part in proving that social class did matter in most but not all cases. For example, the lowest class people were Joe, Biddy, Magwitch, and Orlick. Joe and Biddy were very poor but had very good hearts. Joe was always there for Pip and Biddy had moved in to help Mrs. Joe. Magwitch was a dirty convict of the lowest class, but he turned out to be a very caring and generous man. Orlick was low class and his character also turned out to be very low because he was a murderer. The fact that there are both good and cold hearted people in the lower class shows that class has no connection with how people really are. Another example is the richer class. This includes Ms. Havisham, Estella, Herbert, Jaggers, and Wemmick. Ms. Havisham and Estella were both very wealthy but they had no heart and their intentions were to bring hell to all men. While Herbert was the opposite, he was a true friend to Pip and always stayed by his side. Jaggers and Wemmick also in the higher class had supported Pip through his gentleman years. Being aware that not all of the high class were necessarily good people states the fact that class does not determine character. Even though c lass mattered in most things, this is an example it did not take part in. The theme of social class is central to the novel’s plot and to the ultimate moral theme of the book. Pip’s realization that wealth and class are less important than affection, loyalty, and inner worth. Pip

Ordinary Or Proportionate Care Free Essays

In medical terms, ordinary or proportionate care, which is beneficial, useful, and not unreasonably burdensome to the patient, is morally obligatory. On the other hand, extraordinary or disproportionate care, which may include exotic, experimental, or excessively burdensome treatments that are unlikely to benefit a patient or that include unreasonable costs relative to benefits, is not morally obligatory, though a patient may choose to accept it. The categories of proportionate and disproportionate care therefore, allow us to navigate between two dangerous extremes: the fundamentals that would have us preserve life at all costs by any means necessary without regard for the burdens imposed on the patient, and the fatalism that would tempt us to give up on gravely ill patients before their time and violate their rights to life and basic care. We will write a custom essay sample on Ordinary Or Proportionate Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the case of Roger Allen, his directive not to undergo surgery anymore if there is no guarantee that he will recover and assume a normal life is based on his right as an individual to decide what he wants to do with his body and to be protected from unwanted interference from others. In his perspective, Mr. Allen may be thinking that the burdens of treatment in terms pain, effort and costs are disproportionate relative to the anticipated benefits of the treatment. In the first place, there is no guarantee that the surgery will restore his health. If it fails, either he will die or he lives, only to be a burden to his two daughters and relatives in terms of financial costs as well as efforts of caregiving, not to mention the emotional pain that his daughters and relatives will be experiencing due to his condition. On the other hand, if we look at the daughters’ perspective, it is only natural that they will try to exhaust any means to save their father’s life. If surgery fails and in the end their father dies, at least their minds and hearts are at peace knowing that they have done their best to save him rather than being tormented for the rest of their lives with the idea that they could have tried at that slim chance to save him. In my opinion however, the request of the daughters to monitor their father’s condition after surgery for six months is too long. I think one to two months would be long enough. By that span of time, the medical professionals would be able to assess if there is improvement and a chance that the father will recover. Also in that span of time, the daughters’ decision may also change considering the physical, mental and emotional toll that they had experienced in the care of their father. On the part of the doctor, I think that he has no other choice but to insist the father’s wish. He himself, cannot guarantee the success of the surgery and medical treatment may only be prolonging the agony of everyone concerned. Furthermore, in his perspective, discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate. No doubt, Mr. Allen’s treatment falls under this category since the diagnostic tests reveal significant brain damage and internal bleeding of unknown origin, requiring exploratory surgery. In his case, one does not will to cause death; one’s inability to impede it is merely accepted. The decision is made by the patient himself assuming that he is competent and able or, if not, by those legally entitled to act for the patient, whose reasonable will and legitimate interests must always be respected. How to cite Ordinary Or Proportionate Care, Papers

One More River By Lynn Reid Essays - Lesley, Genealogy,

One More River By Lynn Reid Can you imagine having to leave everything you have ever known to live in a country on the verge of war? Lesley Shelby, the main character in One More River by Lynn Reid Banks, knows exactly how it feels. This Jewish Canadian girl has to emigrate to Israel with her family. Through the determination and courage of one person we see how challenges, complications, and differences of the world are overcome. In the story the most important character is Lesley. Lesley is a spoiled, pretty, Jewish, fourteen year old living in Canada. As the story progresses we see Lesley change to a caring and mature person by overcoming the differences in her new life. Two other important characters are Nat Shelby and Mustapha. Lesley's father, Nat Shelby is the person who decided the family needed to live in Israel. Mr. Shelby decides he doesn't want his daughter growing up as a spoiled uncaring princess. Mustapha, other important character, is an Arab boy who Lesley watches abuse his donkey across the Jordan River. All the Jews are not supposed to hate Arabs, but Lesley however comes in contact with Mustapha by the river and talks to him as a person not as an enemy. Mustapha made Lesley a more understanding person towards different kinds of people. The character I would most admire is Lesley for her ability to adapt to a new home, country and way of life. Throughout the book there were many turning points. The war made Lesley really feel a part of Israel and the people. Another turning point was when Lesley was allowed to join the p'oola because she was finally excepted as one of them. The most important turning point is when Lesley, at the end of the book, takes the picture Mustapha threw at her and wrote "a peace between us and between our peoples" in three languages and stuck it in the wall in Jerusalem. The major conflict in this story was moving to Israel because Lesley threw fits until she secretly visited Noah. (Lesley's brother who was disowned because he married a catholic girl.) He told her to go and that's when the conflict stopped. The plot enabled the characters to change. Lesley became excepting of life and the Arabs through events in the plot. In 1966 the Shelbys lived in Canada and then moved to a center in Israel were they had to learn Hebrew. From the center they moved to a Kibbutz. Lesley is not excepting of everything until she decides to become one of them. After she understands the culture she begins to love it there and it becomes her home. The plot needs the setting changes to keep interest and to allow character growth. The author uses a lot of imagery and symbolism throughout the book. Whether she's describing the land or a dress, you can almost picture what it looks like. "Lesley clutched at rough stems of plants as she half climbed, half slid down." You are able o see Lesley trying to get down the riverbank. An example of symbolism would be the river. The river is a symbol of stupidity of the two countries. They could get along if they would just set aside differences, have courage, and cross over to peace. Some of the patterns that contribute to the over-all theme are people forgetting about differences and having the courage to accept one another. Lesley realizes this after meeting Mustapha. Lesley's parents also realize this when Noah comes back. The most important lesson in the story was you could overcome anything if you have determination and courage. By the end of the story Lesley proved to have matured greatly and to except life in Israel. The story One More River taught us how to overcome challenges, complications, and differences of the world with determination and courage.

John Marshalls Court rulings essays

John Marshalls Court rulings essays Hamilton was a federalist and served as the secretary of the treasury in the 1890s. He was a strong supporter of a centralized federal government. He also advocated loose interpretation of the u.s. constitution and the use of the elastic clause. Which was an ambiguous power of the federal government stating that congress can do what it is proper and necessary john Marshalls epitomizing of these Hamiltonian principals and philosophies can be seen in several of his court rulings. Such as, McCulloch vs. Maryland, Dartmouth college vs. Woodward, Gibbons vs. Ogden, and Cohens vs. Virginia. In the case Mcculloch vs. Maryland in 1819, Maryland brought a suit against McCulloch and bands him for refusing to pay a tax on the federal bank. Marshall said, the power to tax implies the power to destroy. Marshalls ruling sanctified the federal governments user of implied powers. His decision was in favor of the federal bank. It established the national supremacy over state governments. It also paved the way for vast expansion of federal power in the future. In the case of Dartmouth college vs. Woodward in 1919 as well, Dartmouth was telling its case on how they had been chartered in 1769 as a private school to train missionaries and native Americans in new Hampshire. Republican members of the board of trustees sought to have the state legislature convert the school into a new state university. The state court supported contention that the state had the right to alter the schools charter. The courts ruling was in favor of the republican board members. Daniel Webster appealed to the Supreme Court and Marshall overturned the state courts decision. This set the precedent for the Gosceant contract. It also set a precedent for the supreme courts power to overturn the state courts decisions. Which again had strengthened the central governments. In 1824 the Cohens were arrested for selling l...

Do You Need an Appendix in Your College Paper - Proofed

Do You Need an Appendix in Your College Paper - Proofed Do You Need an Appendix in Your Paper? The debate over whether the human appendix does anything useful rages on. Much less controversial are the appendices you’ll find in a dissertation or thesis. These are definitely helpful! However, not every college paper needs an appendix. And if you do include one, you need to make sure you do it right. Here, then, is our guide to using appendices in academic documents. Do You Need an Appendix? You will only need appendices in your paper if you have a lot of extra material that doesn’t fit in the main body of the document. For instance, if you have conducted a survey, you might want to focus on certain data in the Results section of your paper. You can then pick and choose the key information, with the rest given in an appendix. This should be pointed to in the main text as follows: The full data shows that political engagement is increasing among those aged 18-24 years (see Appendix A). Your reader would then know to look in â€Å"Appendix A† for the survey results. If you do not mention an appendix in the main body of your paper, however, it probably doesn’t need to be there. What to Put in Appendices But what should go in appendices? The usual candidates include: Raw test data or results Graphs, charts, and tables Maps and illustrations Letters and emails Questionnaires and survey forms Interview transcripts The most important thing is that you only include non-essential information in appendices. If you rely upon something in your arguments, make sure to include it in the main body of your work. How to Format Appendices The correct format for appendices will depend on your school’s requirements, so make sure to check your style guide or ask your professor. As a general guideline, though, you should: Put appendices after the reference list at the end of your document Use a separate appendix for each type of information Clearly label each appendix with a letter or number, plus a title that tells the reader what it contains (e.g., Appendix A: Survey Results) Include all appendices in the table of contents at the start of your document If you do all of this, you should have a good set of appendices on your hands!

Week 3 540 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 3 540 - Essay Example Enter the Wireless Communication market,† (Simulation). An analysis done on the prospects of these two proposals, reveals that the agenda or proposal to expand the existing Digital Imaging or Dig-Image market share, can be beneficial than the option of entering the Wireless Communication or W-Comm. But, at the same time, this decision to go for Dig-Image has certain internal as well as external risk. So, this paper will analyze the risks of this investment decisions and importantly the mitigation of those risks. Normally, organizations wanting to increase its value, as to invest in projects that provides a positive Net Present Value. The Net Present Value of an investment project is usually determined by the subtraction of the projects total cost from the present value of the projects expected future cash flows. And, if the Net Present Value is higher than the projects cost, then it is expected that the project will increase the firms value According to the outline provided by the Marketing Research Reports, SAI should use the best capital budgeting approach in the form of NPV, as it will identify cash flows rather than profits. Then, it utilizes all the cash flows and in turn discounts the cash flows properly. So, in the case of Dig-Image, the sales of it in new markets depend upon its existing market share from the global perspective, price per product and importantly the size of market. As SAI through its Dig-image proposal tries to expand its market share throughout the world, it should be aware of the risks associated with foreign exchange exposure and the relevant mitigation strategy of hedging. Foreign exposure in the sense, the frequent fluctuations in the exchange rates will negatively affect the operating cash flows and importantly the dollar value of the SAI’s total assets and liabilities. This risk will have both short term as well as long term effect and could dent any new initiatives from SAI. This

Writing Deficiencies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing Deficiencies - Article Example The researchers assert that teachers in classroom can help students develop better writing skills through the method of modified sentence combining technique. In this technique errors figured out in specific sentences are informed to the students and then the teachers provide information regarding how these errors can be eliminated and reduced. Researchers even assert that if teachers start giving importance to sentences while grading students, sentence structuring will become better as students will learn about the errors they have made. Researchers even assert that teachers have to act as grammar police and the only way students can learn how to write in an appropriate manner is if teachers help students correct their grammatical errors and sentence formation errors at school and formal education level. The researchers believe that if students are not helped in solving the issue of writing deficiency, they may add up to the cost of organizations they work for as they may poist a ne gative image of the organization and their productivity levels will decline if they have to reread any business related

Essay on the Metamorphosis of Tom in The Glass Menagerie

The Metamorphosis of Tom in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams      Ã‚   In Tennessee William's play, The Glass Menagerie, the character of Tom is both a son and a brother. Tom has also been forced into the role as the man of the house because of his father's departure. He is very unique and somewhat unpredictable in his words and actions. Tom is selfish, yet caring, and he has a strong need for adventure. Without doubt, Tom is the most round and dynamic character in the play. Tom's role in his household is to provide for his sister and mother by working at the shoe warehouse. He basically gives up his life so his family can live. So how can one say that Tom is selfish? The reader has to look further than skin deep. Tom works at the warehouse but he truly despises it, because in scene three he said, "I'd rather somebody picked up a crowbar and batter out my brains than go back mornings."(Williams 1036).   Also, it seems Tom does not care if he gets fired or not judging by the amount of time that he spends writing poetry at work. Tom does not appreciate what he has or that his family is provided for. Tom also shows a hint of selfishness when he tells Amanda that there is nothing in that house that he can honestly call his own. Tom also goes to the movies or gets drunk almost every night and he knows that Amanda and Laura are worried about him but that changes nothing. He still goes out without thinking of how it affects his mother or sister.   To escape from his slow life while he was at home Tom goes to the movies almost every night. It is at the movies that Tom can drink and somehow live his adventurous life through his imagination and the characters in the movies. The movies only satisfied Tom's thirst for adve... .... Works Cited Bloom, Harold Ed. Modern Critical Views: Tennessee Williams. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Fordyce, William. "Tennessee William's Tom Wingfield"   Papers on Language and Literature 34.3 (Summer 1998): 250-272.   ProQuest.   Jacobs Library, Oglesby, IL.   11 July 2001. <http://www.umi.com/proquest>. Jolemore, Nancy.   "Lecture Notes and Study Guide Questions for Tennessee William's The Glass Menagerie."   Old Dominion University.   18 January   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2000.   29 June 2001. <http://courses.lib.odu.edu/engl/njolemor>. Reser, Rob.   "A Touch of Glass."   29 June 2001. <http://www.filmspot.com/glassmenagerie.html>. Williams, Tennessee.   The Glass Menagerie.   Literature and The Writing Process.   5th ed. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X. Day, and Robert Funk. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 1999.   693-734.

Fundamentalism Is Here To Stay Essay

The article â€Å"Fundamentalism Is Here to Stay† by Karen Armstrong mainly talks about a modern secular movement by separating religion from society, how people respond to change and ways the world’s different groups treat others. Fundamentalism is a non-violent revolt against secular society. They fight for their religion beliefs and how they feel with political power and intelligence. On the road to modernity, our economy has changed from agricultural produce to the use of technology. However, for fundamentalists, they can’t cope with the change, instead they choose to cling to religion. Western spirit of modernization is based on independence and innovation. In developing countries, modernization came with colonization, thus people were not able to forge new beginnings of their own. Further, fundamentalism represents a clash within civilization between new and old. Armstrong mentioned about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk created a modern Turkey by ordering to wear wes tern clothing, close down all religion institution and try to resist the fundamentalist way. Fundamentalists start to fight for the annihilation. There are groups in America still against the extremely modernized thinking of society, some of them even trying to destroy federal government. Armstrong said â€Å"Fundamentalism is here to stay† at the end, fundamentalism will not disappear. In my opinion, modernization gave whether the developing countries or the developed countries and economic advantage in the world. When these first countries modernized, they created such an unique and fresh idea that other countries try to modernize themselves so quickly. Although, developing countries could not innovate but only imitate. Japan is a perfect example of a country and a culture that can retain originality while undergoing modernization according to the article. Modernization can take a long and rough process based on every culture, value, traditions and etc. At the same time, modernization has changed in every aspect of people’s life. For fundamentalists, they believe what they believe, think what they think, love the life they used to live. In another word, who likes to be changed? For all the tragedies that attacked by the fundamentalists or total annihilation  that caused by modern secular society, we need to understand each other in order to coexisting bot h ideas and preventing future act of violence. Hopefully, what happened in the past will warn us something. Questions: 1. What keeps the fundamentalists not open to change? 2. What are the differences for developed countries and developing countries when it comes to modernization? 3. How does fundamentalism effect on the road to modernity now? Vocabularies: 1. Fundamentalism: Reactionary movement to establish traditional religious values and texts as the primary and/or governing ideology in a society. 2. Ideology: A belief system that determines and guides the structure of a government and its relation to its citizens. 3. Ethnic/ ethnicity: Referring to a shared sense of common religion, race national, and/or cultural identity.

Causes And Effects Of Delays in Projects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5054 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Did you like this example? In this chapter, I will discuss types, causes and effects of delay of project in the construction industry. Besides that, I will also discuss the method to minimize the delays happening in construction industry 2.2 Type of Delay In construction industry, there are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1 Figure 2.1 Types of Delay 2.2.1 Excusable delays Excusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or the subcontractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable such as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract drawing, unusually severe weather and etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Causes And Effects Of Delays in Projects" essay for you Create order Excusable delays can be further classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. 2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation Compensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late release from the owners architect. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule extension and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect costs for both extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead. 2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensation Non-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically include acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally entitled to claim extension of time but no compensation for delay damages 2.2.2 Non-excusable delays Non-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction project. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productivity, improper project planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong construction methods, equipment breakdowns, unreliable subcontractors or suppliers. Therefore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they completed the project. For instance, a contractor failure to provide an adequate material to completed their job. 2.2.3 Concurrent Delay Concurrent delay is a problem that happening on most of the construction industry project. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same time in a project cannot complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are responsible for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distribution between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delays: If excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of time: If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damages: If two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle d to claim extension of time and delay damages. For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner failure to give more detail regarding either using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet floor finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but actually owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing 2.3 Causes of delays Figure 2.2 Causes of delays Based on the researched done through by journal, books, and some other reference. Project delay can be causes by a lot of parties which is shown in the Figure 2.2. They are include client, contractor, consultant, labour, material, equipment, financial and some external causes. 2.3.1 Caused of Client Related Delays Figure 2.3 Factors of client related delays 2.3.1.1 Lack of experience of client in construction According to Koushki, et al. (2005) identified factors of lack of experiences of client in construction project have high influence to the causes of delays. Some of the project delay cause by client due to not enough experience especially fresh developer. Most of the time, client facing a problem and do not know how to solve it immediately because of no experience. During client finding the way to solve the problem, some of the work could not progress. Finally, the whole project delay because of some particular work delay. 2.3.1.2 Change order According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) mentioned the factors of change orders that contribute to causes of delaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Client always change the design during the construction period, during the same time that will affect whole project delay. It is because contractor cannot carry out his work until the latest drawing issue by architect. Consequently contractor cannot be done within the contract period. Most of the current project delay because of change order by client. For instance, a project almost complete but client change certain part of design and instruct contractor carry out the additional work. After done the whole project, the contractor found out was exceeding contract period. 2.3.1.3 Client interference According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors client interference that contributes to causes of delays in construction project. Some of the client instruct contractor to carry out additional work without ask architect promise. During the contractor carry out additional work, some of the work could not progress and it will be delay immediately. On the other hand, client do not follow the procedure such as did not mention architect issue an architect instruction. Finally it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.2 Causes of contractor related delay Figure 2.4 Factors of contractor related delay 2.3.2.1 Inadequate contractor experience Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributor to causes of delays. Long, ET al. (2004) mentioned the factors of inadequate contractor experience that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the delay projects are facing a problem during construction period. But at the same time contractor could not solved the problem immediately because of no experience. During the contractor finding method to solve the problem, some of the works totally stop because of that problem. After the problem was solved, those work keeping continue but run out from the schedule. Finally, the whole project will influence delay. 2.3.2.2 Inaccurate time estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of inaccurate time estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Time estimates are important as inputs into other technique used to manage and structure for all projects. An inaccurate time estimation technique may cause a project delay. For instance, in some delay project, the contractor do not allowed time for some common problem always happen during the construction stage such as breakdown of equipment, miss deliveries by supplies, accidents and emergencies and so on. Because of this problem the actual time will run out from the estimated. So, the whole project could be facing delay. 2.3.2.3 Inaccurate of cost estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) also mentioned that, the factors of inaccurate cost estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Construction estimating errors can be very expensive and embarrassing. Inaccurate of cost estimate contribute a lot of cause such as wrong measurements from contract drawing, using incorrect units of measure, material improperly priced and the most common mistakes in arithmetic . Sometime contractor because of inaccurate of cost estimate measurement again for that particular work. Finally, due to re-measurement time some of the work will influence delay and it will also affect whole project to delay. 2.3.2.4 Poor site management and supervision Battaineh (2002) studied that, the factors of poor site management and supervision as contributors to causes of delays. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of poor site management and supervision that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the project team a lack of management and supervision due team member without any experience and skill such as hire person who are fresh graduate. Once they facing problem but do not know how to solve it. Besides that, some of the supervisor did not cooperation with their team member due to lack of communicated. Finally, because of cannot solve the problem immediately the whole project influence delay. 2.3.3 Causes of Consultant Related Delays Figure 2.5 Factors of consultant related delays 2.3.3.1 Inadequate consultant experience According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors of inadequate consultant experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, they are many consultants carry out their work without experience. Besides that, there are many causes of a consultant without experience which include different site conditions, mismanagement and maladministration, site access restrictions, defective plan and/or specification. For instances, some of the architects only concentrated in certain part of building and do not have any experience in other type. Once architect design on that particular type of building without experiences, he will facing a lot of mistake and no ideas during design and because of this architect will delay issue the drawing. Finally, the works cannot process and it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.3.2 Poor design and delay in design According to Ogunlana, et al.(1996) mentioned the factors of poor design and delay in design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Design is every important to any project, without good design the whole project will influence delay. It is because in a project if facing poor design that will facing demolish and rebuilt again. This problem happens because of the designer lack of experience. For instance, an architect designs a column in the middle of classroom. Once the contractor without any experience and construct the work exactly shown in the drawing. Finally 2.3.3.3 Incomplete drawing and detail design Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. During construction, the contractor is carrying out the work but because of drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. He could not continue the work with problem, so the works have to stop immediately until get more detail of that particular drawing from consultant responds. Because of without detail drawing the work could not be progress, so it will affect the tat particular work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.4 Causes of labour related delays Figure 2.6 Factors of labour related delays 2.3.4.1 Labour supply Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factors of slow labor supply that contribute to causes of delays. Odeh and Bataineh (2002) in their research identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors of labor supply as contributors to causes of delays. Besides material, the labour also consider as major source in the construction industry. Generally, labour are categories into two groups such as skilled workers and unskilled workers. In construction industry without labour project could not run. For instance, during construction, materials are ready to but no worker carrying out the work. During the same time because of no worker to progress of work, the project will confront project delay. 2.3.4.2 Shortage of skilled worker According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) mentioned the factor of shortage of skill labor is the most important factor that contributed to causes of delays. Skilled worker is a worker who has some special skill, knowledge and ability in his job and also gets highest pay such as plasterer, carpenter, painter, and concreter. Those skilled workers are learning the skills on the job. In construction, some contractors do not hire skilled workers because of higher labour cost and he employs some unskilled workers. At the same time skilled workers do not want get the job from the contractor with lower labour cost. Finally the unskilled workers could not complete the work on time. So, because of shortage of skilled worker affect whole project delay. 2.3.4.3 Labor of productivity According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factor of labor productivity having high influence to causes of delays. Labor of productivity; generally define as output per labour hour. There are many factors that influence on the labour productivity. One of the factors is workers experience, labour with high experience and high skills in field leads to high performance at workplace. Besides that, attitude also will affect productivity of labour. For instance, a worker can lay one meter square per hour but because of lazy. Finally he using three hours to finish laid the brick wall. Because of this factor, the progress work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.5 Causes of Material related Delay Figure 2.7 Factors of material related delay 2.3.5.1 Shortage of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that, factor shortage of construction material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of shortage of material as a factor to causes of delay. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) studied that factors shortage of material as contributors that contribute to causes of delays. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factor of shortage of material that contribute to causes of delays. Material shortage is a potential source of construction delay. The major causes of material shortage is demand exceed supply. In construction have a lot type of material and the three main courses are cement, formwork and steel bar. Besides that, material is one of the main sources in construction industry. It is because without material project cannot construct. If a project facing the material shortage problem will be delay. For instance, a project having shortage ceramic tiles even though the labours ready for tiling. In this situat ion, the project will facing delay project. 2.3.5.2 Late delivery of materials Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of late delivery of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of late delivery of material that contribute to causes of delays. Late delivery of material as a supplier fault due to high market demand; however the long procedure of the purchasing order from head office was complained. In construction, it factor is similar to the material shortage such as the labour ready for work but no material to do their work. Once contractor cannot receive the material on time that will be delay work and it will also affect project delay. For example, workers want to install the windows but without frame because of late delivery to site. So, the work will be delay and it will affect project delay. 2.3.5.3 Poor quality of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that factor poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of poor quality of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Poor quality of material is construct building with using poor quality of material. The contractor has intention to cheat owner to earn more profit by change the quality of material such as concrete. For instance, a contractor cast a column with using Y 20 steel bar but actual in contract drawing is Y 25. After site staff done the inspection for this column and found that the steel bar inside column is Y 20 and ask contractor demolish the column to rebuild. In this case, time taken to rebuild the column will also affect project delay. 2.3.5.4 Escalation of material prices Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of escalation of material prices as a factor to causes of delay. Wiguna and Scoot (2005) studied the factor of escalation of material prices was one factor that contribute to causes of delays. Escalation of material prices will cause shortage material in construction. It is because the market rate is keeping increasing. Some of the contractor does not buy the expensive material. During same time, the construction without material cannot run so the project will influence the project delay. For instance, a contractor because of material cost of market demands higher and does not make any order for material until material shortage. Finally, the construction cannot run without material and it will affect delay project also. 2.3.6 Causes of Equipment Related Delays Figure 2.8 Factors of Equipment related delays 2.3.6.1 Insufficient number of equipment According to Ogunlana, et al. (1998) identified the factors of insufficient numbers of equipment is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction stage, contractors are facing not enough machinery to produce work. It is because some of the contractors do not have a large capital to purchase that machinery due to higher cost. Once the projects carry out with not enough machinery, it will influence whole project delay. For instance, there are two works to be done by using towel crane but in site only one towel crane available. Finally, two of work could not be done at the same time due to not enough towel cranes. 2.3.6.2 Frequent equipment breakdown McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of equipment breakdown as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1998) mentioned the factor of frequent equipment breakdown is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the machinery always breakdown due to improper using by worker such as do not follow the instruction. For instance, machinery only can support for five hundred kilograms of material but during worker using that machinery and his carry out six hundred kilograms of material. Finally, the machinery will breakdown. Once machinery breakdown, the work will be stop immediately and affect some work delay. Finally, because of machinery breakdown the whole project will also influence delay. 2.3.6.3 Shortage of Equipment Parts According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factor of shortage of equipment parts that contribute to causes of delays. After machinery breakdown, the technical carry out the repair work for the breakdown of equipment. During the same time, some part of machinery none have stock in market. Because of no spare part to repair the machinery, some of the works facing stop progress immediately. Consequently, it will influence whole project to be delay. 2.3.7 Causes of Financial Related Delays Figure 2.9 Factors of Financial related delays 2.3.7.1 Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties as contributor to causes of delays. During the construction, client will face some financial problem arise from unanticipated emergencies or financial mismanagement such as global financial crisis. Besides that, a client proposes a new development without borrow term loan or bridging loan from the bank. On the other hand, improper cost planning is a most serious problem for those clients facing in current delay project. For instance, during pre-construction stage a client do not planning cost properly and he will facing a lot of problem in construction stage such as no enough capital to pay contractor payment. Finally, because of contractor did not receive payment to influence whole project delay. 2.3.7.2 Delay payment to suppliers/subcontractor According to Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) mentioned the factors of inadequate fund allocation and delay payment to subcontractor/suppliers as contributor to causes of delays in construction project. Due to sub- contractor do not take their responsibility to done the work on time. The contractor will delay the payment until they complete the job. But at the same time, the sub-contractor refuse to work because of not yet receive payment. As a consequently, the whole project will be influence delay due to sub-contractor refuse to work. 2.3.7.3 Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties having high influence to causes of delays. Poor financial management has been known as one of the factors why certain project cannot complete within contract period. Because of contractor lack of experience and could not manage their capital properly. On the other hand, because of delay payment by client contractor not enough money to cover up all sub-contractors and suppliers payment. Finally, the sub-contractor and suppliers refuse to work and supply material to the site and because of this factor the whole will influence delay. 2.3.8 Causes of External Related Delays Figure 2.10 Factors of external related delays 2.3.8.1 Weather condition Odeh and Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays. Long, et al. (2004) mentioned factors weather condition as factors ofexternal related delays. AL-Momani (2000) studied the factor of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays in construction project. During the construction period, weather is a factor to influence the whole project delay. It because weather condition that interfere with planned activities. Some activities can process but other cannot. For instances, during the worker cast the ground floor slab, but because of raining that particular work to be delay. 2.3.8.2 Slow site clearance According to Long, et al. (2004) identified factors of slow site clearance as factors of external related delays. During begin of construction stage, the responsibility party should have to carry out their work for site clearance immediately. Without clearance the site construction work cannot process. In some delay project found that, the third party did not take their responsibility to finish the site clearance within the period. Consequently, the whole project delay because of site clearance works delay. 2.4 Effect of Delays According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) identified the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry. They also said that the six major effects of delays follow by rank which include time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation, and total abandonment as shown in the Table 2.11 Effects of Delay Rank Time overrun 1 Cost overrun 2 Dispute 3 Arbitration 4 Litigation 5 Total Abandonment 6 Source : Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) Table 2.11 The effect of delays 2.4.1 Time overrun Time overrun it mean contractor could not carry out their work within contract period. In generally, time overrun can be categories into two group which include excusable delays and non-excusable. Once the project facing time overrun, it will affect the progress of work cannot finish on time. Besides that, the fault party will take the responsibility to pay the relevant parties for damages because of delay. For instance, during the project almost completed, but at the same time contractor because of exceptionally implement weather cannot completed the project within contract period. In this situation the contractor entitle to claim extension of time. On the other hand, if that contractor cannot complete the work within contract period due to his own fault. So the contractor no entitle to claim extension of time and he need to pay liquated damages. As stated in Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia form 2006 (PAM form 2006), which certain clauses stating about the damages by employer due to th is event. It stated that in clauses below. 2.3.1.1 Clause 22.1 Liquidated Damage and Certificate of Non-Completion If the contractor fails to complete the works by the Completion Date, and the architect is of the opinion that the same ought reasonably so to have been completed, the architect shall issue a certificate of Non-completion. Upon the issuance of the certificate of Non-Completion the contractor shall pay or allow to the Employer a sum calculated at the rate stated in the Appendix as Liquidated Damages for the period from the Completion Date to the Date of Practical Completion. The Employer may recover such sum from the Performance Bond. The Employer shall inform the contractor in writing of such deduction or such debt due to from the contractor. The imposition of Liquated Damages by the Employer shall not be taken into account by the Architect in the issuance of payment certificates and Final Certificate, and is not subject to the set-off procedures under clause 30.4 and adjudication. 2.3.1.2 Clause 23.1 Submission of notice and particulars for extension of time If the Contractor is of the opinion that the completion of the Work is or will be delayed beyond the completion Date by any of the Relevant Event stated in Clause 23.8, he may apply for an extension of time provided always that 2.3.1.3 Clause 23.8 Relevant Events Exceptionally implement weather 2.4.2 Cost overrun During construction stages, the client and contractor always facing of cost overrun. Cost overrun  is an unexpected  cost  incurred in excess of a budgeted amount, due to  cost underestimation. Cost overrun is related to time overrun, once a project cannot be done in time, it will also affect the cost of project over budget. Commonly, cost overrun always happen due to contractor own fault such as inaccurate of cost estimate and he need to take responsibility to pay owner loss and expense. For instance, a contractor because of improper cost planning due to cost overrun. Finally, the owner set of his loss and expense from the contractor interim payment. 2.4.3 Dispute In construction industry, some of project delay because of dispute between contractual parties such as client, consultants, contractor and some relevant parties. Those disputes because of client failure make payment to the contractor. Once dispute happen, the relevant parties will go through with mediation. The mediator will make a decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision made by mediator, the parties will appeal the decision with arbitrator. If both parties accept the decision and the fault parties will take responsibility to pay damages for project delay. 2.4.4 Arbitration In current delay project, some of the contractual parties do not accept the mediator decision and they appeal in arbitration. Arbitrator will also make the decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision again made by Arbitrator, they still can appeal the decision in litigation. 2.4.5 Litigation In some delay project, the relevant parties because of still do not accept with the arbitrator decision. They are appeal the result in litigation which is dispute resolution in the courts. In litigation, the parties have a trial either by a court alone or by jury. If those parties are not satisfied judgment again, then they can appeal again if they have any new evidence to proof their right. But one the parties accept with the judgment, the faulty of parties need take responsibility to pay the penalty 2.4.6 Total abandonment Total abandonment it means the whole project stop immediately because of client facing financial difficulties. Some of the current delay project totally abandoned because of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or contractor problem which include clients bankruptcy, contractor run away, poor marketing and sales strategies and so on. The effect of project totally abandoned will affect many parties such as contractual parties which include contractor, consultant, sub-contractor, supplier and some other relevant parties. Besides those parties, the purchasers will also suffer in cost damages due to project abandoned. 2.5 Methods of minimizing construction delays According to Nguyen, et al. (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“studied the factors that can be applied as a method of minimizing of construction delays as follows: competent project manager; frequent progress meeting; accurate initial cost estimates; accurate initial time estimates; awarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction stage, a client should employ a depth knowledge project manager to organize a good project team member to progress the work. Besides that, the project team member should be always discussing with the problem having during the site progress. On the other hand, contractor should be employs some employee with experience such as quantity surveyor. So that, during the time or cost estimate they can add on some unforeseen event to avoid the cost and time overrun. Furthermore, the developer should be hire some experience consultant and contractor.iot is because once they facing problem, they can refer previous project to solve the problem immediately. So, the project can process with smoothly. According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“identified two methods to minimize or if possible eliminate time overrun were: acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During construction stages, the contractor should carry out his responsibility to make sure the work progress can complete in time. If found that work progress are not equal to the estimate schedule. The contractor may carry out with acceleration such as hire additional worker. Besides that, the client may allow contractor standby some extra cost for unforeseen event such as accidents. According to Koushki, et al. (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“revealed that the minimization of time delays and cost overruns would require: ensure adequate and available source of finance until project completion; ensure timely delivery of materials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction, a client may prepare a good cash flow wit hin the contract period. Once the client does not enough money to cover up construction cost, he can borrow a term loan or bridging loan from the bank to cover the cost until the whole project completed. It will avoid project delay due to client not enough capital. Besides that, the contractors make sure that material are order with a reliable suppliers and can receive it on time. According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“recommended to improve the situation of construction project were require: enforce liquidated damage clauses and offering incentives for early completion; developing human resources in the construction industry through proper training and classifying of craftsman.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During construction stage, client does not want to get any loss and expense and he impose the liquidated damages clauses. Once client find out contractor due to his own fault, so client can claim for loss and expense. But at the same time, if contractor completed the whole pro ject early than deadlines and he can claim for incentive. Besides that, human resource are playing important role in the construction. It is because due to this process to improve their skill such as make training for construction management and supervisor to increase of knowledge. It can be creating an innovative, responsive training delivery system to maintain skill currency. Based on literature review of method of minimize construction delays from above, there are 10 method has been mentioned as shown in the Table 2.12. No Methods 1 Competent project manager 2 Frequent progress meeting 3 Accurate initial cost estimates 4 Accurate initial time estimates 5 Awarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor 6 Acceleration of site activities 7 Contingency allowance 8 Ensure adequate and available source of finance until project completion 9 Ensure timely delivery of materials. 10 Enforce liquidated damage clauses and offering incentives for early completion 11 Developing human resources in the construction industry through proper training and classifying of craftsman Table 2.12 Method of minimizing construction delay 2.6 Summary